مدیریت جامع حوزه های آبخیز

مدیریت جامع حوزه های آبخیز

جانمایی حوزه آبخیز فخران خراسان جنوبی در نردبان مدیریت آبخیز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع‎ طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران
چکیده
چکیده مبسوط
مقدمه: در دهه‌های گذشته گسترش نیازهای انسانی، تغییرات آب‌و‌هوایی، شهرنشینی و توسعه سریع صنعت، کشاورزی فشرده، خشک‌سالی، سیلاب و فرسایش خاک سبب تخریب آبخیزها شده است. از طرفی دیگر افزایش تقاضا برای بهره‌برداری از منابع طبیعی در شرایط فعلی آبخیزهای کشور تخریب روزافزون منابع اصلی حیات انسان، یعنی خاک ‌و آب را در پی داشته است. عدم توازن در عملکرد آبخیزها سبب شده است تا کارکردهای مختلف هیدرولوژیک، بوم‌شناسی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی با مشکل مواجه شده و سلامت و عملکرد متوقع از آبخیزها کاهش یابد. ‌از‌این‌رو مدیریت آبخیزها برای حفظ سلامت و پایداری آن‌ها از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. لذا رویکردهای جامع مدیریتی در راستای پایداری منابع طبیعی موردنیاز است.
 مواد و روش‌ها: حوزه‌های آبخیز به‌عنوان سامانه‌های اجتماعی-بوم‌شناسی به دلیل تعامل بین اجزای بوم‌سازگان، انواع فعالیت‌هایی که در آن‌ها انجام می‌شود و پویایی این سامانه‌ها، دارای پیچیدگی‌های مدیریتی هستند  به این دلیل لازم است در آن‌ها رویکردهای مختلف مدیریت آبخیز در نظر گرفته شود. در نردبان ‌‌‌مدیریت آبخیز سه رویکرد اصلی به نام‌های مدیریت غیر‌یکپارچه (تکه‌تکه) ‌آبخیز˓ مدیریت ‌یکپارچه آبخیز‌ و مدیریت‌ جامع آبخیز‌ مشخص شده‌اند که هریک از این رویکرد‌ها مطابق با نردبان مدیریت آبخیز دارای مجموعه‌ای از رویکردهای فرعی است که برای دستیابی به اهداف رویکرد اصلی باید پله به پله بررسی شوند و هر حوضه بر اساس رویکر‌دهایی که در مطالعات خود لحاظ کرده‌اند در پله‌های مختلفی از این نردبان قرار می‌گیرند. نتایج پژوهش­ها­ در ایران حاکی از آن است که رویکردهای مدیریتی غیریکپارچه ‌آبخیز، ‌یکپارچه آبخیز و مدیریت‌ جامع حوزه­های آبخیز‌ و جایگاه آبخیزها در نردبان مدیریت آبخیز کمتر مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. لذا در پژوهش حاضر به جایگاه حوزه آبخیز فخران خراسان جنوبی در نردبان مدیریت آبخیز پرداخته شده است.
 نتایج و بحث: بر اساس مطالعات انجام‌شده در این حوزه آبخیز از رویکرد مدیریت غیریکپارچه آبخیز، رویکردهای فرعی بین‌رشته‌ای و رویکرد حوزه آبخیز انجام شده لیکن با توجه به اینکه رویکرد اجرایی-پژوهشی ازجمله ارزیابی سلامت و پایداری که از موارد مهم این رویکرد به شمار می‌رود در این آبخیز لحاظ نشده است، حوزه آبخیز فخران در پله سوم از رویکرد غیریکپارچه آبخیز قرار دارد.
 نتیجه‌گیری: طبیعی است بخش عمده‌ای از این کمبودها و قرار نگرفتن مطالعات این آبخیز در پله‌های بالاتر از نردبان مدیریت آبخیز متوجه شرح خدمات عمومی، مشابه و کلی مطالعات تفضیلی-اجرایی موجود است که طبعاً ضرورت بازنگری شرح خدمات هدف‌مدار و مشکل ‌محور در این‌گونه مطالعات را تأیید می‌کند؛ بنابراین مسئولین و سیاست‌گذاران حوزه آبخیزداری باید همگام با تغییر نیازهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و مدیریتی از رویکردهای جدید علمی و جامعه-محور در راستای شناخت مسائل مرتبط با آبخیزها و ارائه راه‌حل‌های متناسب با آن‌ها استفاده نمایند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

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