مدیریت جامع حوزه های آبخیز

مدیریت جامع حوزه های آبخیز

مروری جامع بر اثرات باران اسیدی در بخش‌های مختلف زمین

نوع مقاله : فنی و ترویجی

نویسنده
استادیار پژوهشی بخش تحقیقات حافظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات، آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج، کرمان، ایران
چکیده
امروزه اثرات باران­های اسیدی در مناطق مختلف دنیا موردتوجه اکثر محققان و همچنین سیاستمداران در سراسر دنیا قرار گرفته است به‌طوری‌که در محافل علمی سراسر دنیا موضوع باران اسیدی به عنوان یکی از واژه‌های کلیدی روز­به­روز دارای ابعاد تازه‌ای می­شود. تحقیق حاضر به اثرات باران اسیدی در مناطق مختلف دنیا و بر روی خاک، مراتع و جنگل­ها، دریاها و دریاچه­ها و رودخانه­ها، انسان، ساختمان و سازه­ها و همچنین صنعت حمل‌ونقل و محصولات کشاورزی با توجه به مستندات علمی داخلی و خارجی پرداخته است. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که باران اسیدی که به‌صورت طبیعی و در اثر ترکیب آب و دی‌اکسید کربن اتفاق می­افتد منجر به ایجاد اسید ضعیفی با اسم اسیدکربنیک می­شود که فوق‌العاده برای طبیعت مفید است و هیچ‌گونه آثار مخربی در هیچ مقوله­ای برای محیط‌زیست و بشر ایجاد نمی­کند؛ اما آنچه این روند طبیعی را در دهه­های اخیر به هم زده است دخالت­های بدون ضابطه و بدون اندیشه بشر است که باعث شده باران اسیدی طبیعی به باران اسیدی مصنوعی تبدیل شود و دارای آثار بسیار مخرب و خطرناکی برای بشر و کل کره زمین باشد. همچنین نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که خاک­ها در سراسر دنیا به‌شدت تحت تأثیر باران­های اسیدی قرار می­گیرند و تغییرات مشهودی در خصوصیات خاک و همچنین تسریع در فرسایش­پذیری آن ایجاد می­شود. سایر مقوله­های موردبررسی مانند مراتع و جنگل­ها، محصولات کشاورزی و آب­های سطحی و غیرسطحی، انسان، ساختمان و سازه­ها، حمل‌ونقل و حیات‌وحش معمولاً وسیله دفاعی مناسبی هم در برابر تخریب­های ناشی از باران اسیدی ندارند و به‌مراتب می­تواند تأثیرپذیری بیشتری هم داشته باشند. همچنین نتایج تحقیقات نشان داد که بزرگ‌ترین قربانی باران اسیدی، انسان است که نسبت به مقوله­های دیگر ضعیف­تر به نظر می­رسد و تأثیرپذیری بیشتری نسبت به باران اسیدی دارد. ضمناً با توجه به خطرات باران اسیدی در سراسر دنیا، مطالعات مختلفی بر روی خاک، پوشش گیاهی و جنگل­ها، محصولات کشاورزی و آب­های سطحی و غیرسطحی در حال انجام یا انجام‌شده است ولی معمولاً گسترده و جامع در سراسر دنیا نیستند. ولی مطالعات بر روی نقش باران اسیدی در ساختمان و سازه­های مختلف، صنعت حمل‌ونقل و حیات‌وحش خشکی و دریایی و همچنین انسان به‌شدت کم است. توصیه اکید این تحقیق به محققان و سیاستمداران این است که باران اسیدی می­تواند حتی باعث تغییر تمدن­ها نیز شود پس فوق‌العاده جدی گرفته شود و هر چه سریع‌تر قانون جامع مقابله با باران اسیدی در ایران تصویب و اجرا شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها

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  • تاریخ دریافت 16 اسفند 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری 19 اردیبهشت 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش 28 اردیبهشت 1402