Document Type : Review article
Authors
1
Department of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2
Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3
Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
4
Climatology Group in Environmental Planning, Secretary of the Research Committee of Alborz Province Regional Water Company, Karaj, Iran
10.22034/iwm.2026.2049986.1201
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Iran’s unique spatial-geographical context renders it highly vulnerable to natural hazards, including floods and droughts. The aim of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting the adaptation of Iranian agricultural communities to natural hazards with an emphasis on floods and droughts (single-hazard studies) and studies on the combination of these hazards (combined studies) occurring in different regions of Iran.
Materials and methods: The method of this research is systematic analysis, which is a type of qualitative research method based on secondary sources and is used to examine phenomena and identify categories based on research literature. In previous studies, the concepts of "adaptation" and "adaptation capacity" have often been examined in a well-known analytical framework (concept analysis), but in this study, first the theoretical foundations related to adaptation and its capacity were studied based on a review of relevant sources and literature, and then, using conceptual methodology and systematic analysis, related research conducted in the country in the form of articles, dissertations, and theses included in the databases of Scientific Information Database (SID), Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc), Iran's Publications Database (Magiran), Civilica and Google Scholar were analyzed using Nvivo12 software and in three stages: creating information categories (open coding), selecting one of these categories and placing it in a relationship model (axial coding), and then inferring a classification using the internal relationships of these categories (coding). “Selective” was conducted and factors affecting the adaptation of Iranian agricultural communities to natural hazards were identified.
Results and Discussion: The first studies conducted in the field of adaptation in Iran were mostly articles in 1989 in the "Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science" and mostly master's thesis in 2000 at Al-Zahra University, but adaptation studies in the field of natural hazards, especially in rural areas and agricultural communities, have a short life; so that the results obtained from these studies in Iran began in the early 1990s. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, after scientific filtering, 80929 scientific documents, 51 articles and thesis were included in the review process. The highest frequency was related to the "Google Scholar" database and the lowest frequency was related to the "Magiran" database. The highest and lowest number of studies conducted were in 2011 and 2024 (7 studies in each year) and in 2015 (one study), respectively. The most of the studies data were analyzed using statistical tests. ArcGIS software was used to georeference the data and spatially display the data for zoning in the study areas. In the analysis stage and also the interpretation of the output of the documents, three stages were performed: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding in the NVivo12 software environment. The data analysis process in the open coding stage ultimately led to the extraction of 72 concepts, 31 subcategories, and 7 main categories, which include the factors of "educational-extension", "knowledge", "institutional", "technical-infrastructure", "economic", "social", and "agricultural".
Conclusion: The results indicate that statistical tests have the highest frequency and the use of analytical techniques has the lowest frequency in the field of study methods of the statistical sample of the research. Also, the most studies conducted in the field of adaptation are in the field of drought and the least studies conducted in the field of flood studies, and social factors (with a frequency of 20.5%) have the highest and educational-promotional factors (with a frequency of 4.3%) have the lowest impact on the adaptation of rural communities in Iran to natural hazards. This indicates that relevant local, provincial and national institutions can increase the level of adaptation of rural communities to natural hazards by developing infrastructure and social capital such as participation, trust, interaction, etc., and make them resilient to such hazards.
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