Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Department of Watershed Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
10.22034/iwm.2026.2088045.1273
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Water resources in Iran are under significant stress, a serious challenge, particularly in agriculture, which consumes the greatest share of water resources. The methods of producing and consuming strategic crops significantly affect the overall pressure on these important water resources. Knowledge of these patterns is thus vital to achieving effective water management policies. In this study, an in-depth examination of the correlation between the production and consumption patterns of important strategic crops, i.e., rice, wheat, barley, and potatoes, and the ensuing strain on Iranian water resources will be undertaken. The paper will explore the following main areas: the water demand of these crops, the concept of virtual water associated with their production, and the trends observed in their production levels during the stipulated period of study. By analyzing these factors, the study will shed light on the role of agricultural practices in water shortages and provide insights to inform more sustainable agricultural water management in Iran. This intensive research will aim to estimate each crop's water footprint, changes in production, and the implications for long-term water security in the region. This aims to provide a holistic perspective on the issues and prospects of balancing agricultural production with responsible water stewardship.
Materials and methods: This applied research uses a descriptive-analytical approach to examine how strategic crop cultivation patterns affect water resource consumption. The study period spans 2011 to 2025. Iran was selected as the study area to enable a comprehensive assessment of production and consumption patterns for selected crops and their impacts on water resources. Secondary statistical data, including production, consumption, exports, and virtual water coefficients for four strategic crops (rice, wheat, barley, and potatoes), were collected from official national and international sources. The data were extracted, organized, and analyzed. The consumerism index was calculated as the difference between actual per capita consumption and the nationally recommended consumption standard.
Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that per capita rice consumption in Iran averages 42–45 kg person⁻¹ year⁻¹, about 10 kg above the global average. Given that approximately 3,391 liters of water are required to produce one kilogram of rice, this excess consumption results in the annual loss of nearly 2 billion cubic meters of water nationwide. For wheat, the high per capita consumption rate of approximately 160 kg year⁻¹, combined with substantial waste, leads to the consumption of more than 19 billion m³ of virtual water annually. At the same time, the country experiences production deficits and relies on imports in most years. The results for barley show that, although direct human consumption is relatively low, increased production for use as animal feed places considerable pressure on water resources. Similarly, for potatoes, despite their relatively lower water requirements, per capita consumption exceeding 50 kg year⁻¹, together with post-harvest losses, contributes significantly to water waste.
Conclusion: This research provides important insights into the relationship between the production and consumption of strategic crops and their impacts on Iran’s water resources. The analysis focused on four key crops—rice, wheat, barley, and potatoes—which are a major component of the country's food system and agricultural sector. The findings quantify the water footprint of these crops and demonstrate their significant contribution to pressure on national water resources. Furthermore, the analysis of production trends shows how changes in agricultural practices and crop yields influence water demand and virtual water flows. The results underscore the need for substantial reforms in agricultural production and trade policies. Sustainable water resource management should be a central consideration in future agricultural planning to ensure long-term environmental and economic sustainability. The study recommends developing and implementing new management strategies that incorporate the virtual water index as a key performance indicator. Integrating this indicator into policymaking can support more informed decision-making by stakeholders in the agricultural sector. By adopting such an approach, Iran can strengthen food security while preserving its limited water resources for future generations. An integrated strategy of this nature is essential for addressing the complex challenges of water scarcity in agricultural production.
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