Integrated Watershed Management

Integrated Watershed Management

Generalized Reconnaissance Quantification of Soil Erosion Damage due to Potassium and Phosphorus Loss in Second-Order Watersheds of Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Reza Chamani
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi
Marjan Bahlekeh
Department of Watershed Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
10.22034/iwm.2024.2040215.1172
Abstract
Extended Abstract
 Introduction: The population of the world is growing at an unprecedented rate, and the demand for food is expected to increase dramatically in the coming decades, placing enormous pressure on the agricultural sector. In this regard, developing countries are forced to use more chemical fertilizers. However, chemical inputs often have harmful effects on the surrounding environment due to their improper and disproportionate use in the form of chemical fertilizers. These effects include the degradation of water and soil resources, air pollution, and soil erosion. Soil erosion and loss of nutrients under its influence are some of the most critical concerns in the sustainable provision of human needs over time. In this regard, Iran, located in the Mediterranean climate and with lands sensitive to erosion, is witnessing soil erosion and the depletion of food resources. On the other hand, the loss of nutrient resources in the soil has caused a decrease in agricultural production and an increase in the cost of production, resulting in the degradation of the soil.
Materials and methods: In this research, we evaluated the cost of replacing lost nutrients in different land-uses. We collected previous soil erosion studies in different areas of Iran and determined the amount of erosion in different land-uses as well as the amount of phosphorus and potassium in each kilogram of eroded soil. We used Iran's land-use map from Sentinel-2 products in 2021 which has a spatial accuracy of 10 meters. Finally, we estimated the cost of soil erosion in the second-order watersheds of Iran using the alternative cost method based on the price of the mentioned elements.
Results and Discussion: Quantitative evaluation of lost elements in rangeland, agricultural and forest land-uses showed that forest lands had the highest mean amount of potassium and phosphorus losses, at 364.98 and 16.30 mg kg-1, respectively. Additionally, the Talesh-Anzali Wetland Watershed has the lowest replacement cost for phosphorus and potassium, at 2943.90 and 61591.40 billion Rials, respectively, and the Central Desert Watershed, with the main land-use of rangeland, has the highest replenishment cost at 413188.79 and 8644609.73 billion Rials, respectively. In terms of agricultural land-use, the South Baluchistan Watershed has the lowest phosphorus and potassium replacement cost, at 41.08 and 994.02 and the Salt Lake Watershed has the highest, at 48419.64 and 445.310 billion Rials, respectively. In watersheds with forests, the Atrak Watershed has the lowest cost, at 55.42 and 1240.84 billion Rials, and the Haraz and Qarasu Watersheds have the highest replacement costs for phosphorus and potassium, at 7277.60 and 162955.71 billion Rials. Regarding alternative costs, the Talesh-Anzali Wetland Watershed, with 234,114, and the Central Desert Watershed, with 9,299,886 billion Rials, have the lowest and highest costs, respectively. In addition, the replacement costs of phosphorus and potassium elements in rangelands were estimated at about 60319513, in agricultural lands at 3808598, and in forest lands at 557882 billion Rials.
Conclusion: As the research results showed, only the loss of two elements, phosphorus, and potassium, can cause direct and indirect economic losses. At the same time, the soil is rich in other vital nutrients and living organisms, whose replacement costs will be irreparable for Iran. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the damage caused by the loss of other elements and the amount of wind erosion in future research to better understand the damage caused to the country under the influence of soil erosion. In addition, in estimating the value of soil maintenance with the alternative cost approach, the cost of labor for spraying fertilizer and the cost of reconstruction and renovation of damage caused by soil erosion should also be included in the calculations. Considering such components, the mentioned figures will increase significantly, and the value of resources in maintaining soil fertility will be further confirmed.
Keywords
Erosion Economics
Erosion Monitoring
Integrated Watershed Management
Nutrients Loss
Soil Loss

Subjects

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  • Receive Date 03 September 2024
  • Revise Date 17 November 2024
  • Accept Date 14 December 2024